Criminal activities are predominantly due to males, with females exhibiting a
significantly lower involvement, especially in serious offenses. This pattern
extends to organized crime, where females are often perceived as less tolerant
to illegal practices. However, the roles of males and females within corruption
networks are less understood. Here, we analyze data from political scandals in
Brazil and Spain to shed light on gender differences in corruption networks.
Our findings reveal that females constitute 10% and 20% of all agents in the
Brazilian and Spanish corruption networks, respectively, with these proportions
remaining stable over time and across different scandal sizes. Despite this
disparity in representation, centrality measures are comparable between
genders, except among highly central individuals, for which males are further
overrepresented. Additionally, gender has no significant impact on network
resilience, whether through random dismantling or targeted attacks on the
largest component. Males are more likely to be involved in multiple scandals
than females, and scandals predominantly involving females are rare, though
these differences are explained by a null network model in which gender is
randomly assigned while maintaining gender proportions. Our results further
reveal that the underrepresentation of females partially explains gender
homophily in network associations, although in the Spanish network,
male-to-male connections exceed expectations derived from a null model.

Este artículo explora los viajes en el tiempo y sus implicaciones.

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